[BCNnet] Allpahuayo-Mishana
Donald R. Dann
donniebird@yahoo.com
Wed, 13 Mar 2002 05:23:12 -0600
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BCNnet friends:
I thought the following was worthy of posting as this seems to be a
worthwhile conservation effort. If anyone cares to support it individually
please contact Mr. Fine.
Donald R. Dann, Highland Park/Lake County
My name is Paul Fine, and I am a graduate student at the
University of Utah and I collaborate with people at the Field Museum in
Chicago and the New York Botanical Garden. I am writing because I study in
a reserve
in the Peruvian Amazon called Allpahuayo-Mishana, and this reserve has
lately been threatened by a mob of land speculators and timber barons, and
we (a few biologists with some Peruvian University students) are fighting
for its very existence.
The Allpahuayo reserve is famous for its white sand forests -- and in the
last decade more than 5 new species of birds, all white sand specialists
have been discovered in the reserve by Jose (Pepe) Alvarez in collaboration
with Bret Whitney and others at Louisiana State. I am attaching a document
that gives a 2 page summary of the importance of Allpahuayo-Mishana, the new
threats, and what we are doing to fight back.
Would the Bird Conservation Network be interested in helping us? We are
collecting donations as well as just trying to spread the word.
Thanks in advance for your attention,
Paul Fine.
NEW GNATCATCHER IN DANGER OF DISAPPEARING BEFORE BEING DESCRIBED
A new species of gnatcatcher, a bird known at the present only from a small
area of white-sand forest in the Allpahuayo-Mishana Reserve, close to the
city of Iquitos in Peru's Amazon basin, is in danger of becoming extinct
even before being formally described.
Three other species of birds have recently been discovered and described
from the same area: the Ancient Antwren (Herpshilochmus gentryi), the
Mishana Tyrannulet (Zimmerius villarejoi), and the Allpahuayo Antbird
(Percnostola arenarum), and the description of a new subspecies of another
new species of antbird in the genus Myrmeciza will appear soon. All of these
species, together with many other species of rare plants and animals are
threatened by a recent land invasion precipitated by a group of land
speculators. The economic limitations of the Peruvian institutions
responsible for the protection of this reserve are preventing the
enforcement of the law and therefore the necessary expulsion of the
invaders. Donations are urgently needed to hire more park guards (the
reserve at present only has two), pay for police operations to remove the
squatters, replace the signs, and erect fences around the most vulnerable
borders of the reserve. All monetary gifts, no matter how small, will be
greatly appreciated and can be sent as a tax-deductible charitable donation
to:
Rainforest Conservation Fund
2038 North Clark Street
Suite 233
Chicago, Illinois 60614-4713
**Please write “Allpahuayo-Mishana Fund” on your check.**
ABOUT THE ALLPAHUAYO – MISHANA RESERVE
The Allpahuayo-Mishana reserve was created on March 4, 1999 by the Peruvian
government. It encompasses 57,600 hectares of land approximately 25 km south
of Iquitos in Peru's Amazon basin. The rainforests near Iquitos are famous
for their habitat heterogeneity. A combination of historical and geological
events has given the area a mosaic of diverse soil types- ranging from pure
white quartz sands to red clays. In addition, the reserve harbors swamp
forests as well as seasonally inundated forests. Each of these distinct
formations supports a unique community of plants and animals, the end result
being that Allpahuayo-Mishana contains one of the highest biodiversities
known in the Amazon basin.
Allpahuayo-Mishana is the only terra firme primary rainforest that is easily
accessible from Iquitos. The nearest national park, Pacaya-Samiria is a
three day journey by boat from the city. In contrast, Allpahuayo-Mishana
can be reached in half an hour by car. There is a field station available
for biology students and tourists in the reserve; and many Peruvian and
international investigators have conducted research there, adding to its
fame as Peru's hotspot of biodiversity.
Indeed, the species counts from Allpahuayo-Mishana rank among the world's
highest. For example, 143 species of reptiles have been recorded around
Iquitos -the most ever registered in one locality. In addition, 71 species
of amphibians, 460 species of birds, and close to 2,000 species of plants
have been recorded in this small reserve. Many of these species are white
sand specialists and are therefore exceedingly rare, due to the scarcity of
white sand forests in Peru. For example, about a dozen bird species have
been found to be associated with white sand forests in this area, and for
several of them, the white sand forests near Iquitos are their only known
distribution in Peru. At least four new species of birds have been
discovered within the last five years in Allpahuayo-Mishana, an incredible
record, even more unbelievable when one considers that the reserve sits 25
km from a city of more than 350,000 people (see Whitney & Alvarez 1998;
Alvarez & Whitney 2001; Isler, et al. 2002, Isler et al., in press). Three
species of endangered primates are found within the reserve, and for two of
them, the Yellow-handed Titi Monkey and the Equatorial Saki Monkey
(Callicebus torquatus and Pithecia aequatorialis), Allpahuayo-Mishana is the
only place where these monkeys' habitat has been officially protected in
Peru. However, biologists have only scratched the surface in their efforts
to describe the flora and fauna of Allpahuayo-Mishana. It is probable that
many of the white sand endemics could disappear before being discovered, as
thousands of hectares of white sand forest have already been destroyed. The
Allpahuayo-Mishana reserve is the only white sand forest that enjoys legal
protection in Peru and protects the largest concentration of this type of
forest in the country. But, today this vital reserve is in grave danger of
being effectively wiped off the face of the map. (For more details about the
Allpahuayo-Mishana reserve, please go to
http://www.peruecologico.com.pe/areas_alpahuayomishana.htm.
You can also take a look at International Wildlife Magazine’s URL:
http://www.nwf.org/internationalwildlife/2001/alvarez.html).
Due to its proximity to the city of Iquitos, the continued conservation of
the reserve represents a challenging problem. Although the formal creation
of the reserve gives the area legal protection for perpetuity, this does not
guarantee actual preservation for the land - due to the enormous demographic
pressures in the area combined with the limited availability of resources in
Peru for park maintenance and protection. The participation of the private
sector and international organizations is urgently needed, now more than
ever. In December 2001, a group of land speculators has encouraged 200
persons to enter the reserve and begin to carve out homesteads. While this
action is completely illegal, the authorities in Iquitos have a limited
budget to enforce the existing laws, and in the last month many illegal
roads have been created, trees felled, and animals hunted by the colonists.
Every day, the situation becomes more serious as the number of invaders
grows. White sand forests are extremely fragile and they are in no way
suitable for agriculture. After the trees are felled, available nutrients
quickly leach away through the sand, and the ground becomes a degraded,
eroded wasteland – recovery times for cleared white sand forests are
estimated to be well over a thousand years! Although not suitable for
agriculture, the land value has increased in recent years due to its
proximity to the city of Iquitos and the recent construction of a paved
highway. Indeed, there are open lands available which are much more
fertile, and therefore more suitable for agriculture that are further away
from the city. There are already six traditional communities that reside
within the borders of the reserve. These people support the reserve and are
protesting the invasion. The new colonists are threatening their traditional
way of life and are disrupting the delicate balance of sustainable use and
long-term preservation of the forest that these local communities are trying
to implement.
We are working now with the Rainforest Conservation Fund in the USA,
BirdLife International in Europe, and Amigos de Allpahuayo-Mishana in
Iquitos, Peru to ensure the continued preservation of Allpahuayo-Mishana,
but we desperately need your help. Immediate needs are funds for protective
services (personnel, vehicles for park guards, fences, signs). More
long-term needs are funds for research, promotion of ecotourism,
environmental education as well as help for sustainable economic
alternatives for the local communities to continue to live inside the
reserve, especially use of non-timber forest products and community-based
ecotourism. Any economic help is welcome, as well as suggestions for
cooperative projects or research for the short and long term health of the
reserve. Please send your tax-deductible donations to:
Rainforest Conservation Fund
2038 North Clark Street
Suite 233
Chicago, Illinois 60614-4713
**Please write “Allpahuayo-Mishana Fund” on your check.**
Sincerely,
Paul Fine, graduate student, University of Utah (fine@biology.utah.edu)
José Alvarez Alonso, graduate student, Louisiana State University
(jalvar4@lsu.edu)
Dr. Douglas C. Daly, Curator of Amazonian Botany, New York Botanical Garden
Dr. Robin B. Foster, Conservation Ecologist and Adjunct Curator of Botany,
Field Museum, Chicago, IL.
Dr. Thomas Schulenberg, Conservation Ecologist and Adjunct Curator of
Zoology,
Field Museum, Chicago, IL, Author of forthcoming “Birds of Peru”
Dr. Bret M. Whitney, Ornithologist, Louisiana State University.
Dr. Josep del Hoyo, Editor of the Handbook of the Birds of the World
Dr. John P. O'Neill, Ornithologist. Louisiana State University; Artist and
author for forthcoming "Birds of Peru"
Literature cited
ALVAREZ, J. & B. M. WHITNEY . 2001. A new Zimmerius tyrannulet
(Aves:Tyrannidae) from white-sand forests of Northern Amazonian Peru. Wilson
Bulletin 113(1):1-9.
ISLER, M. L., J. ALVAREZ ALONSO, P. R. ISLER, & B. M. WHITNEY. 2002 A review
of the Pernostola rufifrons complex (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) with
description of a new species from northern Amazonian Peru. Wilson Bulletin
113(2):164-176.
ISLER, M. L., J. ALVAREZ ALONSO, P. R. ISLER, T. VALQUI, A. BEGAZO & B.M.
WHITNEY. (In press) Rediscovery of a cryptic species and description of a
new subspecies in the Myrmeciza hemimelaena complex (Thamnophilidae) of the
Neotropics. The Auk.
WHITNEY, B. M. & J. ALVAREZ. 1998. A new Herpsilochmus antwren
(Aves:Thamnophilidae) from northern Amazonian Peru and adjacent Ecuador: The
role of edaphic heterogeneity of terra firme forest. The Auk 115(3):
559-576.
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<p><font size=3D4 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>BCNnet =
friends:</span></font><font
size=3D4 color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3D4 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>I thought the following was =
worthy of
posting as this seems to be a worthwhile conservation effort.<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>If anyone cares to support it
individually please contact Mr. Fine. </span></font><font size=3D4 =
color=3Dblack><span
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;color:black;mso-color=
-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><span class=3DEmailStyle18><font size=3D4 =
color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Donald R. Dann, Highland Park/Lake
County<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span></span></span></font></span><font
color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font><=
/p>
<p><font size=3D4 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>My name is Paul Fine, and I am a
graduate student at the<br>
University of Utah and I collaborate with people at the Field Museum =
in<br>
Chicago and the New York Botanical Garden. I am writing because I =
study
in a reserve<br>
in the Peruvian Amazon called Allpahuayo-Mishana, and this reserve =
has<br>
lately been threatened by a mob of land speculators and timber barons, =
and<br>
we (a few biologists with some Peruvian University students) are =
fighting for
its very existence. </span></font><span class=3DEmailStyle18><font =
size=3D4
color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></=
font></span></p>
<p><font size=3D4 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>The Allpahuayo reserve is famous =
for its
white sand forests -- and in the last decade more than 5 new species of =
birds,
all white sand specialists have been discovered in the reserve by Jose =
(Pepe)
Alvarez in collaboration with Bret Whitney and others at Louisiana =
State.
I am attaching a document that gives a 2 page summary of the importance =
of
Allpahuayo-Mishana, the new threats, and what we are doing to fight =
back.<br>
<br>
Would the Bird Conservation Network be interested in helping us? =
We are<br>
collecting donations as well as just trying to spread the word.<br>
<br>
Thanks in advance for your attention,<br>
<br>
Paul Fine.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size=3D4 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><font size=3D4
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'>NEW<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>GNATCATCHER<span =
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>IN<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span>DANGER<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>OF<span style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>DISAPPEARING<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">
</span>BEFORE<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>BEING =
DESCRIBED</span></font></b><b><font
size=3D4 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext;font-weight:bold'><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'>A new species of gnatcatcher, a bird known at the present =
only
from a small area of white-sand forest in the Allpahuayo-Mishana =
Reserve, close
to the city of Iquitos in Peru's Amazon basin, is in danger of becoming =
extinct
even before being formally described.</span></font><font size=3D3 =
color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'>Three other species of birds have recently been discovered =
and
described from the same area: the Ancient Antwren (<i><span =
style=3D'font-style:
italic'>Herpshilochmus gentryi</span></i>), the Mishana Tyrannulet =
(<i><span
style=3D'font-style:italic'>Zimmerius villarejoi</span></i>), and the =
Allpahuayo
Antbird <i><span style=3D'font-style:italic'>(Percnostola arenarum), =
</span></i>and
the description of a new subspecies of another new species of antbird in =
the
genus <i><span style=3D'font-style:italic'>Myrmeciza</span></i> will =
appear soon.
All of these species, together with many other species of rare plants =
and
animals are threatened by a recent land invasion precipitated by a group =
of
land speculators. The economic limitations of the Peruvian institutions
responsible for the protection of this reserve are preventing the =
enforcement
of the law and therefore the necessary expulsion of the invaders. =
Donations are
urgently needed to hire more park guards (the reserve at present only =
has two),
pay for police operations to remove the squatters, replace the signs, =
and erect
fences around the most vulnerable borders of the reserve. All monetary =
gifts,
no matter how small, will be greatly appreciated and can be sent as a
tax-deductible charitable donation to:</span></font><font size=3D3 =
color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
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color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'>Rainforest
Conservation Fund</span></font></b><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
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bold'><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'>2038 =
North
Clark Street</span></font></b><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext;font-weight:bold'><o:p></o:p></span>=
</font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
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233</span></font></b><b><font
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<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
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color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'>Chicago,
Illinois 60614-4713</span></font></b><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack
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font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext;font-weight:
bold'><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><u><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;font-weight:
bold'>**Please write “Allpahuayo-Mishana Fund” on your =
check.**</span></font></u></b><u><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></u></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'>ABOUT<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>THE<span =
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>ALLPAHUAYO – MISHANA<span =
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>RESERVE</span></font></b><b><font size=3D3 =
color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext;font-weight:
bold'><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'>The Allpahuayo-Mishana reserve was created on March 4, 1999 =
by the
Peruvian government. It encompasses 57,600 hectares of land =
approximately 25 km
south of Iquitos in Peru's Amazon basin.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: =
yes">
</span>The rainforests near Iquitos are famous for their habitat =
heterogeneity.
A combination of historical and geological events has given the area a =
mosaic
of diverse soil types- ranging from pure white quartz sands to red =
clays.<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>In addition, the reserve =
harbors swamp
forests as well as seasonally inundated forests. Each of these distinct
formations supports a unique community of plants and animals, the end =
result
being that Allpahuayo-Mishana contains one of the highest biodiversities =
known
in the Amazon basin.</span></font><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'>Allpahuayo-Mishana is the only terra firme primary =
rainforest that
is easily accessible from Iquitos.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: =
yes">
</span>The nearest national park, Pacaya-Samiria is a three day journey =
by boat
from the city.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>In =
contrast,
Allpahuayo-Mishana can be reached in half an hour by car.<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>There is a field station =
available for
biology students and tourists in the reserve; and many Peruvian and
international investigators have conducted research there, adding to its =
fame
as Peru's hotspot of biodiversity.</span></font><font size=3D3 =
color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'>Indeed, the species counts from Allpahuayo-Mishana rank =
among the
world's highest.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>For =
example, 143
species of reptiles have been recorded around Iquitos -the most ever =
registered
in one locality.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>In =
addition, 71
species of amphibians, 460 species of birds, and close to 2,000 species =
of
plants have been recorded in this small reserve.<span =
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>Many of these species are white sand specialists and =
are
therefore exceedingly rare, due to the scarcity of white sand forests in
Peru.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>For example, about =
a dozen
bird species have been found to be associated with white sand forests in =
this
area, and for several of them, the white sand forests near Iquitos are =
their
only known distribution in Peru.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">
</span>At least four new species of birds have been discovered within =
the last
five years in Allpahuayo-Mishana, an incredible record, even more =
unbelievable
when one considers that the reserve sits 25 km from a city of more than =
350,000
people</span></font><font color=3Dblack><span style=3D'color:black'> =
</span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black'>(see
Whitney & Alvarez 1998; Alvarez & Whitney 2001; Isler, et al. =
2002,
Isler et al., in press).<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span>Three
species of endangered primates are found within the reserve, and for two =
of
them, the Yellow-handed Titi Monkey and the Equatorial Saki Monkey =
(<i><span
style=3D'font-style:italic'>Callicebus torquatus</span></i> and <i><span
style=3D'font-style:italic'>Pithecia aequatorialis</span></i>), =
Allpahuayo-Mishana
is the only place where these monkeys' habitat has been officially =
protected in
Peru.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>However, biologists =
have
only scratched the surface in their efforts to describe the flora and =
fauna of Allpahuayo-Mishana.<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>It is probable that many of =
the white
sand endemics could disappear before being discovered, as thousands of =
hectares
of white sand forest have already been destroyed. The Allpahuayo-Mishana
reserve is the only white sand forest that enjoys legal protection in =
Peru and
protects the largest concentration of this type of forest in the =
country.<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>But, today this vital reserve =
is in
grave danger of being effectively wiped off the face of the map. (For =
more
details about the Allpahuayo-Mishana reserve, please go to <b><u><span
style=3D'font-weight:bold'>http://www.peruecologico.com.pe/areas_alpahuay=
omishana.htm.</span></u></b>
</span></font><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'>You can also take a look at International Wildlife =
Magazine’s URL:
<b><u><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold'>http://www.nwf.org/internationalwildlife/2001/=
alvarez.html</span></u></b>).</span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><span =
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'>Due to its proximity to the city of Iquitos, the continued
conservation of the reserve represents a challenging problem.<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Although the formal creation =
of the
reserve gives the area legal protection for perpetuity, this does not =
guarantee
actual preservation for the land - due to the enormous demographic =
pressures in
the area combined with the limited availability of resources in Peru for =
park
maintenance and protection.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span>The
participation of the private sector and international organizations is =
urgently
needed, now more than ever.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span>In
December 2001, a group of land speculators has encouraged 200 persons to =
enter
the reserve and begin to carve out homesteads.<span =
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>While this action is completely illegal, the =
authorities in
Iquitos have a limited budget to enforce the existing laws, and in the =
last
month many illegal roads have been created, trees felled, and animals =
hunted by
the colonists.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span>Every day,
the situation becomes more serious as the number of invaders grows. =
White sand
forests are extremely fragile and they are in no way suitable for =
agriculture.<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>After the trees are felled, =
available
nutrients quickly leach away through the sand, and the ground becomes a
degraded, eroded wasteland – recovery times for cleared white sand =
forests are
estimated to be well over a thousand years! Although not suitable for
agriculture, the land value has increased in recent years due to its =
proximity
to the city of Iquitos and the recent construction of a paved =
highway.<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Indeed, there are open lands =
available
which are much more fertile, and therefore more suitable for agriculture =
that
are further away from the city. There are already six traditional =
communities
that reside within the borders of the reserve. These people support the =
reserve
and are protesting the invasion. The new colonists are threatening their
traditional way of life and are disrupting the delicate balance of =
sustainable
use and long-term preservation of the forest that these local =
communities are
trying to implement. </span></font><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><span =
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'>We are working now with the Rainforest Conservation Fund in =
the
USA, BirdLife International in Europe, and Amigos de Allpahuayo-Mishana =
in
Iquitos, Peru to ensure the continued preservation of =
Allpahuayo-Mishana, but
we desperately need your help. Immediate needs are funds for protective
services (personnel, vehicles for park guards, fences, signs).<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>More long-term needs are funds =
for
research,<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>promotion of =
ecotourism,
environmental education as well as help for sustainable economic =
alternatives
for the local communities to continue to live inside the reserve, =
especially
use of non-timber forest products and community-based ecotourism. Any =
economic
help is welcome, as well as suggestions for cooperative projects or =
research
for the short and long term health of the reserve.<span =
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>Please send your tax-deductible donations =
to:</span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'>Rainforest
Conservation Fund</span></font></b><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext;font-weight:
bold'><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'>2038 =
North
Clark Street</span></font></b><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack =
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext;font-weight:bold'><o:p></o:p></span>=
</font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'>Suite =
233</span></font></b><b><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext;font-weight:bold'><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'>Chicago,
Illinois 60614-4713</span></font></b><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext;font-weight:
bold'><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font></b><b><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext;font-weight:bold'><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'text-align:center'><b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;font-weight:bold'>**Please
write “Allpahuayo-Mishana Fund” on your =
check.**</span></font></b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><span style=3D"mso-spacerun: =
yes"> </span></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'>Sincerely, </span></font><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times =
New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;font-weight:bold'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font></b><b><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext;font-weight:bold'><o:p></o:p></span></font></b></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times =
New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;font-weight:bold'>Paul Fine</span></font></b><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>, graduate student,
University of Utah (<b><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold'>fine@biology.utah.edu</span></b>)</span></font=
><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times =
New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;font-weight:bold'>Jos=E9 Alvarez =
Alonso</span></font></b><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>, =
graduate
student, Louisiana State University (<b><span =
style=3D'font-weight:bold'>jalvar4@lsu.edu</span></b>)</span></font><font=
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center'><font =
size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times =
New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;font-weight:bold'>Dr. Douglas C. Daly</span></font></b><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>, =
Curator
of Amazonian Botany, New York Botanical Garden</span></font><font =
size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times =
New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;font-weight:bold'>Dr. Robin B. Foster</span></font></b><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>,
Conservation Ecologist and Adjunct Curator of Botany, Field Museum, =
Chicago,
IL.</span></font><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times =
New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;font-weight:bold'>Dr. Thomas =
Schulenberg</span></font></b><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>,
Conservation Ecologist and Adjunct Curator of =
Zoology,</span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Field =
Museum,
Chicago, IL, Author of forthcoming “Birds of =
Peru”</span></font><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times =
New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;font-weight:bold'>Dr. Bret M. Whitney</span></font></b><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>,
Ornithologist, Louisiana State University.</span></font><font size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times =
New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;font-weight:bold'>Dr. Josep del Hoyo</span></font></b><font =
size=3D3
color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>, Editor of the =
<u>Handbook
of the Birds of the World</u> </span></font><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><b><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times =
New Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black;font-weight:bold'>Dr. John P. O'Neill</span></font></b><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>,
Ornithologist. Louisiana State University; Artist and author for =
forthcoming
"Birds of Peru"</span></font><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p=
>
<p class=3DMsoPlainText><font size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times =
New Roman";
color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
size=3D3 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman";color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<h1><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><u><font size=3D3 =
color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><span
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>Literature =
cited</span></span></font><font
color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font><=
/u></b></h1>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D4 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font><=
/p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;color:black'><span style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>ALVAREZ, J. & B. M. WHITNEY . 2001. A new <i><span
style=3D'font-style:italic'>Zimmerius</span></i> tyrannulet =
(Aves:Tyrannidae)
from white-sand forests of Northern Amazonian Peru. <i><span =
style=3D'font-style:
italic'>Wilson Bulletin</span></i> 113(1):1-9.</span></font><font =
size=3D2
color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:=
p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>ISLER, M. L., J. ALVAREZ ALONSO, =
P. R.
ISLER, & B. M. WHITNEY. 2002 A review of the <i><span =
style=3D'font-style:
italic'>Pernostola rufifrons</span></i> complex (Passeriformes: =
Thamnophilidae)
with description of a new species from northern Amazonian Peru. <i><span
style=3D'font-style:italic'>Wilson Bulletin =
</span></i>113(2):164-176.</span></font><font
size=3D2 color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>ISLER, M. L., J. ALVAREZ ALONSO, =
P. R.
ISLER, T. VALQUI, A. BEGAZO & B.M. WHITNEY. (In press) Rediscovery =
of a
cryptic species and description of a new subspecies in the<i><span
style=3D'font-style:italic'> Myrmeciza hemimelaena </span></i>complex
(Thamnophilidae) of the Neotropics. <i><span =
style=3D'font-style:italic'>The Auk.</span></i></span></font><font
size=3D2 color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New =
Roman"><span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>WHITNEY, B. M. & J. ALVAREZ. =
1998. A
new <i><span style=3D'font-style:italic'>Herpsilochmus</span></i> =
antwren
(Aves:Thamnophilidae) from northern Amazonian Peru and adjacent Ecuador: =
The
role of edaphic heterogeneity of terra firme forest. <i><span =
style=3D'font-style:
italic'>The Auk</span></i> 115(3): 559-576.</span></font><font =
color=3Dblack><span
style=3D'color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font><=
/p>
<p><font size=3D4 color=3Dblack face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
size=3D4 color=3Dblack><span =
style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3DMsoNormal><span class=3DEmailStyle18><font size=3D4 =
color=3Dblack
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
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